what two emphases colored western christianity from 1660 to 1760?

George Whitefield, leader in the First Cracking Awakening

Christianity in the 18th century is marked by the Beginning Great Awakening in the Americas, forth with the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires around the world, which helped to spread Catholicism.

Protestant Pietism, evangelicalism [edit]

Global Protestantism, 1710

Historian Sydney Due east. Ahlstrom identified a "great international Protestant upheaval" that created Pietism in Germany and Scandinavia, the Evangelical Revival, and Methodism in England, And the Showtime Groovy Enkindling in the American colonies.^[1] This powerful grass-roots evangelical movement shifted the accent from formality to inner piety. In Germany it was partly a continuation of mysticism that had emerged in the Reformation era. The leader was Philipp Spener (1635-1705), They downplayed theological soapbox and believed that all ministers should have a conversion experience; they wanted the laity to participate more actively in church building affairs. Pietists emphasized the importance of Bible reading. August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) was some other important leader who made the University of Halle the intellectual center.^{[ii] [three]} Pietism was strongest in the Lutheran churches, and as well had a presence in the Dutch Reformed church. In Deutschland, however, reformed Reformed Church'southward work closely under the control of the regime, which distrusted Pietism. Likewise in Sweden, the Lutheran Church of Sweden was and so legalistic and intellectually oriented, that it brushed bated pietistic demands for change. Pietism continues to have its influence on European Protestantism, and extended its reach through missionary work beyond the world.^[4]

The same movement toward individual piety was called evangelicalism in U.k. and its colonies.^[5] The most important leaders included Methodists John Wesley, George Whitefield and hymn writer Charles Wesley.^{[half-dozen] [7] [8]} Movements occurred inside the established state churches, but in that location was also a centripetal forcefulness that led to fractional independence, equally in the instance of the Methodist and Wesleyan revivals.

The American Great Awakening [edit]

The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm amongst Protestants that swept the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent bear upon on American religion. Jonathan Edwards, peradventure about powerful intellectual in colonial America, was a central leader. George Whitefield came over from England and fabricated many converts. The Keen Awakening emphasized the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus. It resulted from powerful preaching that deeply affected listeners with a deep sense of personal guilt and salvation by Christ. Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening fabricated faith personal to the average person.^[9]

It had a major impact in reshaping the Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and German Reformed denominations, and information technology strengthened the modest Baptist and Methodist denominations. It brought Christianity to the slaves and was an apocalyptic event in New England that challenged established authority. It incited rancor and division between the new revivalists and the onetime traditionalists who insisted on ritual and doctrine. Information technology had little affect on Anglicans and Quakers.

Unlike the Second Bang-up Awakening that began about 1800 and which reached out to the unchurched, the First Great Awakening focused on people who were already church members. It changed their rituals, their piety, and their self-awareness. The new style of sermons and the fashion people practiced their faith breathed new life into religion in America. People became passionately and emotionally involved in their religion, rather than passively listening to intellectual soapbox in a detached mode. Ministers who used this new style of preaching were more often than not chosen "new lights", while the preachers of old were called "erstwhile lights". People began to study the Bible at dwelling house, which effectively decentralized the means of informing the public on religious manners and was alike to the individualistic trends present in Europe during the Protestant Reformation.^[10]

Roman Catholicism [edit]

Europe [edit]

Beyond Europe the Catholic Church was in a weak position. In the major countries, information technology was largely controlled by the government. The Jesuits were dissolved in Europe. Intellectually, the Enlightenment attacked and ridiculed Catholic Church, and the aristocracy was given very little support. In the Austrian Empire, the population was a heavily Catholic i, just the government seized control of all the Church lands. The peasant classes continue to exist devout, but they had no phonation. The French Revolution of the 1790s had a devastating impact in France, essentially shutting down the Catholic Church, seizing and selling its properties, closing its monasteries and schools and exiling most of its leaders.^[11]

Jesuits [edit]

Sebastião José de Carvalho due east Melo, Marquis of Pombal, "The Expulsion of the Jesuits" past Louis-Michel van Loo, 1766.

Throughout the inculturation controversy, the very existence of Jesuits were under assault in Portugal, Spain, French republic, and the Kingdom of Sicily. The inculturation controversy and the Jesuit support for the native Indians in South America added fuel to growing criticism of the club, which seemed to symbolize the strength and independence of the Church building. Defending the rights of native peoples in Southward America, hindered the efforts of European powers, peculiarly Spain and Portugal to maintain absolute rule over their domains.^[12] Portugal's Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal was the main enemy of the Jesuits. Pope Clement XIII attempted to keep the Jesuits in existence without whatever changes: Sint ut sunt aut not sint ("Leave them every bit they are or not at all.")^[13] In 1773, European rulers united to force Pope Clement 14 to dissolve the social club officially, although some chapters connected to operate. Pius Seven restored the Jesuits in the 1814 papal balderdash Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum.^{[14] [15]}

French Revolution [edit]

Matters grew still worse with the violent anti-clericalism of the French Revolution.^[sixteen] Direct attacks on the wealth of the Catholic Church and associated grievances led to the wholesale nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a country-run church.^[17] Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the National Assembly, leading to the Cosmic Church building being outlawed and replaced past a new religion of the worship of "Reason"^[17] along with a new French Republican Calendar. In this flow, all monasteries were destroyed, thirty,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed.^[17]

When Pope Pius VI sided against the revolution in the First Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken prisoner to French republic in February 1799 and died in Valence August 29, 1799 after six months of captivity. To win pop support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Cosmic Church in France through the Concordat of 1801.^[eighteen] All over Europe, the end of the Napoleonic wars signaled by the Congress of Vienna, brought Catholic revival, and renewed enthusiasm and respect for the papacy following the depredations of the previous era.^[19]

Spanish colonies [edit]

The expansion of the Roman Catholic Portuguese Empire and Castilian Empire with a pregnant function played by the Roman Catholic Church led to the Christianization of the ethnic peoples of the Americas such every bit the Aztecs and Incas.

In the Americas, the Roman Cosmic Church expanded its missions simply, until the 19th century, had to work under the Spain and Portuguese governments and armed forces.^[twenty] Junípero Serra, the Franciscan priest in charge of this effort, founded a series of missions which became important economical, political, and religious institutions.^[21]

Mainland china [edit]

The bull of Pope Benedict Fourteen Ex Quo Singulari from July 11, 1742, repeated verbatim the bull of Clement XI and stressed the purity of Christian teachings and traditions, which must exist upheld confronting all heresies. Chinese missionaries were forbidden to take function in honors paid to ancestors, to Confucius, or to the emperors. This balderdash about destroyed the Jesuit goal to Christianize the influential upper classes in China.^[22] The Vatican policy was the expiry of the missions in China.^[23] After the Roman Catholic Church experienced missionary setbacks, and in 1721 the Chinese Rites controversy led the Kangxi Emperor to outlaw Christian missions.^[24] The Chinese emperor felt duped and refused to permit whatsoever alteration of the existing Christian practices. He told the visiting papal delegate: "You lot destroyed your organized religion. You put in misery all Europeans living here in China."^[25]

Korea [edit]

In contrast to most other nation, Catholicism was introduced into Korea in 1784 by Koreans themselves without assistance of strange missionaries.^[26] Some Silhak scholars devoted themselves to an intensive written report of various philosophical and scientific texts written past Chinese and European scholars. Among those texts was Cosmic theological books published in China past Jesuit. They believed Catholicism complements what was lacking in Confucianism. These noble intellectuals became the commencement Christians in Korea. Yi Seung-hun, the beginning Korean who was christened Peter in Beijing, on his return from People's republic of china in September 1784, and formed a Christian community. The Christian community adult rapidly thanks to their ardent dedication to the mission. They translated books on Catholicism from Chinese into Korean for Koreans and constantly appealed to the Holy See to send priests for Korean people. As a result, Pope Leo XII established the Korea Apostolic Vicariate and to delegate the missionary piece of work to the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1828. Since then French missionaries came to Korea secretly.^[27] In 1846, Andrew Kim Taegon was ordained and became the first Korean priest.

Eastern Orthodoxy [edit]

Serbian Church [edit]

During the Austro-Turkish war (1683–1699) years, relations between Muslims and Christians in European provinces of the Turkish Empire were greatly radicalized. As a result of Turkish oppression, destruction of monasteries and violence against the not-Muslim noncombatant population, Serbian Christians and their Church leaders headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije Three sided with Austrians in 1689 and again in 1737 nether Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV.^[28] In the following castigating campaigns, Turkish armies conducted many atrocities against local Christian populations in Serbian regions, resulting in Great Migrations of the Serbs.^[29]

Consistent Serbian uprisings against the Turks and involvement of Serbian Patriarchs in anti-Ottoman activities, led to the political compromise of the Patriarchate in the optics of the Turkish political elite.^[30] Instead of Serbian bishops, Turkish regime favored politically more reliable Greek bishops who were promoted to Serbian eparchies and even to the Patriarchal throne in Peć.^{[31] [32]} In the aforementioned time, after 1752 a series of internal conflicts arose amid leading figures in the Serbian Patriarchate, resulting in constant fights betwixt Serbian and Greek pretenders to the Patriarchal throne.^[33] Finally, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć collapsed in 1766, when it was abolished past the Turkish Sultan Mustafa Three (1757-1774).^[34] The entire territory of the Serbian Patriarchate nether Ottoman rule was placed nether the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.^{[35] [36]} The throne of Peć was suppressed and xi remaining Serbian eparchies were transferred to the throne of Constantinople.^[37]

Russian Church [edit]

In 1721, Tsar Peter I abolished completely the patriarchate then the Russian Orthodox Church finer became a department of the government, ruled past a Almost Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Tsar.

Timeline [edit]

18th century Timeline

• 1701 - Club for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts officially organized ^[38]
• 1701 - One-time Catholic Church building of holland splits with Roman Catholicism
• 1702 - George Keith, returns to America every bit a missionary of the newly organized Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
• 1703 - The Lodge for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts expands to the Westward Indies ^[39]
• 1704 - French missionary priests arrive to evangelize the Chitimacha living along the Mississippi River in what is now the state of Louisiana
• 1705 - Danish-Halle Mission to India begins with Bartholomew Ziegenbalg and Henry Plutschau^[forty]
• 1706 - Irish gaelic-born Francis Makemie, who has been an itinerant Presbyterian missionary amongst the colonists of America since 1683, is finally able to organize the first American presbytery
• 1707 - Italian Capuchin missionaries achieve Kathmandu in Nepal. Maillard de Tournon makes public, in Nanjing, the Vatican decisions on rites, including the stipulations confronting the veneration of ancestors and of Confucius.
• 1707 - Examen theologicum acroamaticum past David Hollatz: the concluding great piece of work of the Lutheran doctrine before the Age of Enlightenment
• 1708 - Jesuit missionary Giovanni Battista Sidotti is arrested in Nihon. He is taken to Edo (at present chosen Tokyo) to be interrogated by Arai Hakuseki
• 1709 - Experience Mayhew, missionary to the Martha'southward Vineyard Indians, translates the Psalms and the Gospel of John into the Massachusett language. It will be a work considered 2nd merely to John Eliot's Indian Bible in terms of significant Indian-language translations in colonial New England
• 1710 - First mod Bible Society founded in Germany by Count Canstein [1]
• 1711 - Jesuit Eusebio Kino, missionary explorer in southern Arizona and northern Sonora, dies of a sudden in northern Mexico. Kino, who has been called "the cowboy missionary", had fought confronting the exploitation of Indians in Mexican silverish mines.
• 1712 - Using a printing sent by The Club for Promoting Christian Noesis, the Tranquebar Mission in India begins press books in the Portuguese language
• 1713 - Jesuit Ippolito Desideri goes to Tibet as a missionary
• 1714 - New Attestation translated into Tamil (India);^[41] a missionary training college is established in Copenhagen
• 1715 - Eastern Orthodox Church building missionary outreach is renewed in Manchuria and Northern China [2]
• 1716 - The establishment of the Alamo Mission in San Antonio is authorized by the viceroy of Mexico. The mission was to be an educational centre for Native Americans who converted to Christianity.
• 1717 - Chen Mao writes to the Chinese Emperor about his concerns over Catholic missionaries and Western traders. He urgently requested an all-out prohibition of Catholic missionaries in the Qing provinces.
• 1718 - Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg constructs a church building building in India that is still in use today
• 1718-22 - orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscher publishes The Complete Timotheus Verinus confronting Pietism
• 1719 - Isaac Watts writes missionary hymn "Jesus Shall Reign Where'er the Sun" ^[42]
• 1720 - Missionary Johann Ernst Gruendler dies in India. He had arrived at that place in 1709 with the sponsorship of the Danish Mission Order
• 1721 - Mission San Juan Bautista Malibat in Baja California is abased due to the hostility of the Cochimi Indians, also every bit to the decimation of the local population by epidemics and a h2o shortage. Chinese Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries every bit a result of the Chinese Rites controversy.
• 1721 - Peter the Great substituted Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod
• 1722 - Hans Egede goes to Greenland^[43]
• 1723 - Robert Millar publishes A History of the Propagation of Christianity and the Overthrow of Paganism advocating prayer every bit the primary means of converting non-Christians ^[44]
• 1724 - Yongzheng Emperor bans missionary activities outside the Beijing area
• 1725 - Knud Leem arrives every bit a missionary to the Sami people of Finnmark (Norwegian Arctic)
• 1726 - John Wright, a Quaker missionary to the Native Americans, settles in southeastern Pennsylvania
• 1728 - Institutum Judaicum founded in Halle as start Protestant mission center for Jewish evangelism ^[45]
• 1728 - The Vicar of Bray (song)
• 1729 - Roman Catholic missionary Du Poisson becomes the first victim in the Natchez massacre. On his manner to New Orleans, he had been asked to stop and say Mass at the Natchez mail service. He was killed in front of the chantry
• 1730 - Lombard, French missionary, founds a Christian hamlet with over 600 Indians at the mouth of Kuru river in French Guiana. A Jesuit, Lombard has been called the well-nigh successful of all missionaries in converting the Indians of French Guiana
• 1730-1749 - First Swell Awakening in U.Due south.
• 1731 - A missionary move is born when Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf attends the coronation of Rex Christian Half dozen of Denmark. Past the following yr, the movement with which Zinzendorf was associated, the Moravian Church, would launch missionary outreach in the Caribbean.^[46]
• 1732 - Alphonsus Liguori founds the Roman Cosmic religious order known every bit the Redemptorist Fathers with the purpose of doing missionary piece of work amid rural people ^[47]
• 1733 - Moravians go to Greenland^[48]
• 1734 - A missionary convinces a Groton, Connecticut church to lend its building to the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe for Christian worship services.
• 1735 - John Wesley goes to Indians in Georgia equally missionary with the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts^[49]
• 1735 - Welsh Methodist revival
• 1736 - Anti-Christian edicts in China; Moravian missionaries at work among Nenets people of Arkhangelsk
• 1737 - Rev. Pugh, a missionary in Pennsylvania with The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, writes home to London to say that he had begun ministering to blacks. He noted that the masters of the slaves were prejudiced confronting them condign Christian.
• 1738 - Moravian missionary George Schmidt settles in Baviaan Kloof (Kloof of the Baboons) in the Riviersonderend valley of South Africa. He begins working with the Khoikhoi people, who were practically on the threshold of extinction.
• 1738 - Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing blood brother Charles, begins
• 1739 - The showtime missionary to the Mahican (Mohegan) Indians, John Sergeant, builds a home in Stockbridge, Massachusetts that is today a museum.
• 1740 - Moravian David Zeisberger starts work amongst Creek people of Georgia^[50]
• 1741 - Dutch missionaries start building Christ Church building in Malacca Boondocks, Malaysia. It will take 12 years to complete.
• 1741 - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous Fire and brimstone sermon
• 1742 - Moravian Leader Count Zinzendorf visits Shekomeko, New York and baptizes 6 Indians
• 1743 - David Brainerd starts ministry to North American Indians^[51]
• 1744 - Thomas Thompson resigns his position as dean at the University of Cambridge to become a missionary. He was sent by the Guild for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to New Bailiwick of jersey. Taking a special involvement in the slave population in that location, he would later request to begin mission work in Africa. In 1751, Thompson would go the offset Due south.P.G. missionary to the Gold Coast (modernistic-day Republic of ghana)
• 1745 - David Brainerd, afterward preaching to Native Americans in Dec, wrote about the response: "They soon came in, 1 later on another; with tears in their optics, to know, what they should practice to exist saved. . . . It was an amazing flavour of power amongst them, and seemed as if God had bowed the heavens and come up downwards ... and that God was virtually to convert the whole world."
• 1746 - From Boston, Massachusetts a telephone call is issued to the Christians of the New Earth to enter into a seven-yr "Concert of Prayer" for missionary work ^[52]
• 1747 - Jonathan Edwards appeals for prayer for world missions; birth of Thomas Coke, the "Father of Methodist Missions"
• 1748 - Roman Cosmic Pedro Sanz and the iv other missionaries are executed, together with 14 Chinese Christians. Prior to his death, Sanz reportedly converted some of his prison guards to Christianity.
• 1749 - Spanish Franciscan priest Junipero Serra (1713–1784) arrives in Mexico as a missionary. In 1767 he would go northward to what is at present California, zealously converting Native Americans.
• 1750 - Jonathan Edwards, preacher of the First Great Awakening, having been banished from his church building at Northampton, Massachusetts goes as a missionary to the nearby Housatonic Indians.^[53] Christian Frederic Schwartz goes to Republic of india with Danish-Halle Mission ^[54]
• 1751 - Samuel Cooke arrives in New Jersey every bit a missionary for the Club for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts
• 1752 - Thomas Thompson, outset Anglican missionary to Africa, arrives in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) ^[55]
• 1753 - Searchers in Labrador looking for Moravian Johann Christian Erhardt finds the trunk of 1 of his traveling companions. The disappearance of Erhardt and 6 companions had led to temporary abandonment of Moravian missionary initiatives in Labrador.
• 1754 - Moravian John Ettwein arrives in America from Federal republic of germany as a missionary. Preaching to Native Americans and establishing missions, Ettwein will travel as far south as Georgia. Eventually, he volition get caput of the Moravian Church building in what is at present the United States.
• 1755 - The Mahican Indian settlement at Gnadenhutten, Pa. is attacked and destroyed. Moravian missionary Johann Jacob Schmick who pastors a group of Indian converts, will remain with the Mahicans through exile and captivity despite near abiding threats from white neighbors. Schmick will join his Indian congregation as they seek refuge in Bethlehem, follow them as captives to Philadelphia, and remain with them afterward they settle in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania.
• 1756 - Civil unrest forces Gideon Halley away from his missionary work amidst the Half-dozen Nations on the Susquehanna River where he has been working for four years under the supervision of Jonathan Edwards with an appointment from the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians.
• 1757 - Lutherans begin ministering to Blacks in the Caribbean [3]
• 1758 - John Wesley baptizes 2 African-American slaves, thus breaking the skin color barrier for Methodist societies [4]
• 1759 - Native American Samson Occom, direct descendant of the great Mahican master Uncas, is ordained past the Presbyterians. Despite poor eyesight, Occom became the showtime American Indian to publish works in English language. These included sermons, hymns and a brusque autobiography.^[56]
• 1760 - Adam Voelker and Christian Butler arrive in Tranquebar every bit the offset Moravian missionaries to Bharat
• 1761 - The beginning Moravian missionary in Ohio, Frederick Post, settles on the n side of the Muskingum in what is now Bethlehem township
• 1762 - Moravian Missionary John Heckewelder confers with Koquethagacton ("White Eyes") at the mouth of the Beaver River (Pennsylvania)
• 1763 - The Presbyterian Synod of New York orders that a collection for missions be taken. In 1767 the Synod will ask that this collection exist washed annually.
• 1764 - The Moravians make a conclusion to expand and brainstorm publicizing their missionary action, particularly in the British colonies; Moravian Jens Haven makes the get-go of 3 exploratory missionary journeys to Greenland
• 1765 - Suriname Governor General Crommelin convinces three Moravian missionaries to work near the head waters of the Gran Rio. They settle among the Saramaka near the Senthea Creek in Granman Abini's village where they are received with mixed feelings.
• 1766 - Philip Quaque, a Fetu youth from the Cape Declension area of Ghana who spent twelve years studying in England, returns to Africa. Supported equally a missionary by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, Quaque is first not-European ordained priest in the Church of England
• 1767 - Spain expels the Jesuits from Spanish colonies in the New World
• 1767-1815 - Suppression of the Jesuits
• 1768 - Five United Brethren missionaries from Germany, invited by the Danish Republic of guinea Company, arrive in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), to teach in the Greatcoat Coast Castle schools
• 1768 - Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith
• 1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony founded
• 1769 - Junípero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcalá, offset of the 21 Alta California missions^[57]
• 1769 - Mission San Diego de Alcala, first California mission
• 1770 - John Marrant, a free black from New York Metropolis, begins ministering cantankerous-culturally, preaching to the American Indians. By 1775 he had carried the gospel to the Cherokee and Creek Indians besides as to groups he called the Catawar and Housaw peoples.^[58]
• 1771 - Francis Asbury arrives in America; David Avery is ordained as missionary to the Oneida tribe
• 1771 - Emanuel Swedenborg, published his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion" which would later be used by others to found Swedenborgianism^[59]
• 1772 - After visiting Scilly Cove in Newfoundland, Canada, missionary James Balfour describes it every bit a "nigh Roughshod Lawless Identify"
• 1773 - Pope Clement XIV dissolves the Jesuit Order;^[threescore] two Dominican order missionaries beheaded in Vietnam
• 1774 - Moravian missionaries Christoph Brasen and Gottfried Lehmann drown when their sloop sinks in a storm off Greenland [5]
• 1774 - Ann Lee leader of American Shakers
• 1774 - Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus works on historical Jesus equally Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology)
• 1775 - John Cheat is sent by Liverpool Methodists to the Isle of Man
• 1776 - Cyril Vasilyevich Suchanov builds first church among Evenks of Transbaikal (or Dauria) in (Siberia); The commencement baptism of an Eskimo by a Lutheran pastor takes place in Labrador.
• 1776 - Mission Dolores, San Francisco
• 1776-1788 Gibbon's The History of the Pass up and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity
• 1777 - Portuguese missionaries build a church at Hashnabad, Bangladesh
• 1778 - Theodore Sladich is martyred while doing missionary piece of work to counter Islamic influence in the western Balkans
• 1779 - Charles Simeon is converted while a pupil at Rex's College, Cambridge. 20 years later he helped found what became the Church Missionary Society.
• 1779 - Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty, "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a organized religion by government officials is impious"
• 1780 - August Gottlieb Spangenberg writes An Account of the Mode in Which the Protestant Church of the Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren, Preach the Gospel, and Carry On Their Missions Among the Heathen. Originally written in the German language, the book will be translated into English language in 1788.
• 1780 - Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England
• 1781 - In the midst of the American Revolutionary War, the British so feared Moravian missionary David Zeisberger and his influence among the Lenape (too called Delaware) and other Native Americans that they arrested him and his banana, John Heckewelder, charging them with treason,
• 1782 - Freed slave George Lisle goes to Jamaica equally missionary ^[61]
• 1783 - Moses Baker and George Gibbions, both one-time slaves, go out the U.Southward. to become missionaries in the W Indies
• 1784 - Thomas Coke (Methodist) submits his Plan for the Society for the Establishment of Missions Amidst the Infidel. Methodist missions amongst the "heathen" will begin in 1786 when Coke, destined for Nova Scotia, is driven off course by a storm and lands at Antigua in the British West Indies.^[62]
• 1784 - American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Briefing", led by bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury
• 1784 - Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in Korea and disseminates after almost 200 years since its first introduction in 1593.
• 1785 - Joseph White's sermon titled "On the Duty of Attempting the Propagation of the Gospel among our Mahometan and Gentoo Subjects in India" is published in the second edition of his book Sermons Containing a View of Christianity and Mahometanism, in their History, their Bear witness, and their Effects. The sermon was commencement preached at the University of Oxford.
• 1786 - John Marrant, a free black from New York Urban center, writes in his periodical that he preached to "a great number of Indians and white people" at Green's Harbor, Newfoundland. [6] Marrant's cross-cultural ministry led him to have the Gospel to the Cherokee, Creek, Catawba (he chosen them the Catawar, and Housaw Indians.
• 1787 - William Carey is ordained in England by the Particular Baptists and soon begins to urge that worldwide missions be undertaken.
• 1788 - Dutch missionaries begin preaching the Gospel amid fishermen in Bangladesh
• 1789 - The Jesuits establish Georgetown Academy as the first United states Catholic college ^[63]
• 1789-1801 - Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
• 1789-1815 - John Carroll, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, showtime Roman Catholic Us bishop
• 1790 - Prince Williams, a freed slave from Due south Carolina, goes to Nassau, Bahamas, where he will get-go Bethel Meeting House ^[58]
• 1791 - One hundred and 20 Korean Christians are tortured and killed for their faith. It began when Paul Yun Ji-Chung, a noble who had become a Christian, decided not to bury his mother according to traditional Confucian custom.
• 1791 - Outset Subpoena to the United States Constitution
• 1792 - William Carey writes An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of the pagan and forms the Baptist Missionary Club to support him in establishing missionary work in Republic of india ^[64]
• 1792 - William Carey writes An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of the heathen and forms the Baptist Missionary Gild to support him in establishing missionary work in India ^[64]
• 1793 - Stephen Badin ordained in U.S. Although much of Badin'south ministry was pastoral work among his own countrymen, he did some outreach amidst the Potawatomi Indians [7]
• 1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska
• 1794 - Eight Russian Orthodox missionaries arrive on Kodiak Island in Alaska. Within a few months several m people have been baptized ^[65]
• 1795 - The London Missionary Society is formed to send missionaries to Tahiti^[66]
• 1795 - The Age of Reason written by Thomas Paine, advocated Deism
• 1796 - Scottish and Glasgow Missionary Societies established;^[67] In India, Johann Philipp Fabricius' translation of the Bible into Tamil is revised and published [8]
• 1796 - Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article eleven: "the Government of the U.s.a. of America is non, in whatever sense, founded on the Christian religion"
• 1797 - Netherlands Missionary Society formed;^[68] The Duff, carrying 36 lay and pastoral missionaries, sails to three islands of the South Pacific;^[69] The first Christian missionary (from the London Missionary Lodge) visits Hiva on the Pacific island of Tahuata; he is non well received.
• 1798 - The Missionary Society of Connecticut is organized by the Congregationalists to take the gospel to the "heathen lands" of Vermont and Ohio. Its missionaries evangelized both European settlers and Native Americans.^[70]
• 1799 - The Church Missionary Society (Church building of England) is formed;^[67] John Vanderkemp, Dutch physician goes to Cape Colony, Africa ^[71]
• 1800 - New York Missionary Guild formed; Johann Janicke founds a school in Berlin to train young people for missionary service ^[72]
• 1800 - Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, get-go Liberal Christianity movement

See also [edit]

• History of Christianity
• History of Protestantism
• History of the Roman Catholic Church building#Bizarre, Enlightenment and revolutions
• History of Christianity of the Late Modern era
• History of the Eastern Orthodox Church
• History of Christian theology#Revivalism (1720–1906)
• History of Oriental Orthodoxy
• Restoration Movement
• Timeline of the English Reformation
• Timeline of Christianity#18th century
• Timeline of Christian missions#1700 to 1799
• Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church#1600–1800
• Chronological list of saints and blesseds in the 18th century

References [edit]

1. ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People. (New Haven and London: Yale University Printing, 1972) p. 263
2. ^ F. Ernest Stoeffler, German Pietism During the Eighteenth Century (Brill Archive, 1973)
3. ^ Richard L. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-century Prussia (Cambridge UP, 1993)
4. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette, Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase (1958) pp 74-89
5. ^ Mark A. Noll, et al. eds. Evangelicalism: Comparative studies of popular Protestantism in Due north America, the British Isles, and across 1700-1900 (Oxford Academy Press, 1994)
6. ^ Richard P. Heitzenrater, Wesley and the people called Methodists (2013).
7. ^ Frank Lambert, "Pedlar in divinity": George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770 (1993)
8. ^ Nicholas Temperley and Stephen Barfield, eds., Music and the Wesleys (2010)
9. ^ John Howard Smith, The Commencement Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)
10. ^ Thomas South. Kidd, The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (Yale University Press, 2009)
11. ^ Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (1976) pp 353 -54
12. ^ Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), p. 193
13. ^ Frank Leslie Cantankerous and Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church building. Oxford UP. p. 366.
14. ^ Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church (2004), p. 295
15. ^ Cross and Livingstone; and Elizabeth A. Livingstone (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. p. 366.
16. ^ Edward, The Cambridge Modern History (1908), p. 25
17. ^ ^{a b c} Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church building (2004), pp.283-285
18. ^ Collins, The Story of Christianity (1999), p. 176
19. ^ Duffy, Saints and Sinners (1997), pp.214-216
20. ^ Franzen, 362
21. ^ Norman, The Roman Catholic Church building an Illustrated History (2007), pp.111-112
22. ^ Franzen, Papstgeschichte, 325
23. ^ Franzen 324
24. ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (1990), p. 328, Affiliate ix The Expansion of Christianity by John McManners
25. ^ Franzen 325
26. ^ Michael Walsh, ed. "Butler's Lives of the Saints" (HarperCollins Publishers: New York, 1991), p. 297.
27. ^ The Liturgy of the Hours Supplement (New York: Cosmic Volume Publishing Co., 1992, pp. 17–18.
28. ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 144, 244. sfn error: no target: CITEREFĆirković2004 (help)
29. ^ Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 19–xx. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPavlowitch2002 (help)
30. ^ Kia 2011, p. 115-116. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKia2011 (help)
31. ^ Fotić 2008, p. 520. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFotić2008 (help)
32. ^ Daskalov & Marinov 2013, p. 30, 33. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDaskalovMarinov2013 (help)
33. ^ Fortescue 1907, p. 307. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFFortescue1907 (assistance)
34. ^ Пузовић 2000, pp. 39. sfn error: no target: CITEREFПузовић2000 (help)
35. ^ Roudometof 2001, pp. 54. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoudometof2001 (help)
36. ^ Ćirković 2004, pp. 177. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFĆirković2004 (help)
37. ^ Kiminas 2009, pp. nineteen, 24. sfn mistake: no target: CITEREFKiminas2009 (help)
38. ^ Kane, p. 82
39. ^ Herzog, vol. XII, p. 316
40. ^ Kane, p. 78
41. ^ Neill, p. 195
42. ^ Kane, p. 183
43. ^ Neill, p. 200
44. ^ Kane, 83
45. ^ Herzog, vol. IX, p. 65
46. ^ Glover, p. 52
47. ^ Glazier, p. 689
48. ^ Kane, p. 79
49. ^ Moreau, p. 913
50. ^ Thwaites, Reuben Gold. The Revolution on the Upper Ohio, 1775-1777: Compiled from the Draper Manuscripts in the Library of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2002, p. 45.
51. ^ Tucker, 2004, p. 55
52. ^ Kane, p. 84
53. ^ Anderson, p. 195
54. ^ Latourette, 1941, vol. III, p. 280
55. ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette, A History of the Expansion of Christianity 1941, vol. V, p. 446
56. ^ Herzog, vol. Eight, p. 220
57. ^ Habermann, p. 370
58. ^ ^{a b} Gailey, p. 82
59. ^ The Works of Emanuel Swedenborg in Chronological Order
60. ^ Latourette, 1941, vol. 4, p. 27
61. ^ Olson, 141
62. ^ Gailey, p. 46
63. ^ Habermann, p. 230
64. ^ ^{a b} Kane, p. 85
65. ^ Latourette, 1941, vol. 4, p. 311
66. ^ Kane, 86
67. ^ ^{a b} Kane, p. 86
68. ^ Kane, pp. 80, 86
69. ^ Latourette, 1941, vol. Five, p. 202-203
70. ^ Olson, p. 235
71. ^ Glover, p. 256
72. ^ Latourette, 1941, vol. 4, p. xc

Further reading [edit]

• Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett, eds. Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (2003)
• Brown, Stewart J. and Timothy Tackett, eds. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume vii, Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815 (2007)
• Chadwick, Owen. The Popes and European Revolution (Oxford Upward, 1981)
• Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity (1999) 608pp
• Hope, Nicholas. German language and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918 (1999)
• Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Historic period. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Cosmic Phase (1958)
• MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Grand Years (2011) ch 21
• McLeod, Hugh and Werner Ustorf, eds. The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750-2000 (Cambridge Upwardly, 2004) online
• McManners, John. Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century French republic (ii vols. Oxford, 1998) 709–11.
• Rosman, Doreen. The Evolution of the English Churches, 1500-2000 (2003) 400pp

External links [edit]

• Schaff's The 7 Ecumenical Councils

History of Christianity: Modern Christianity
Preceded by: Christianity in the 17th century 18th century Followed by: Christianity in the 19th century
BC	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10
C11	C12	C13	C14	C15	C16	C17	C18	C19	C20	C21

riddlekelp1963.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century

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